Rhetoric · Language models

Artificial
epanorthosis

When the machine gets it wrongwhen the machine corrects itself

Federico BoggiaBinatomy
You have read it a thousand times

I'm not a consultant. I'm an architect of change.

I don't sell products. I build experiences.

This isn't a course. It's a journey of transformation.

A structure that, once you have seen it, you cannot stop seeing.

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ἐπανόρθωσις · the name

Epanorthosis

epi (over) + anorthosis (straightening) = "to straighten further".

We return to what we have just said, not to correct an error, but on purpose.

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Three forms
01

Emphatic

upward
"good, or rather excellent"
02

Attenuating

downward
"a disaster, that is… a hiccup"
03

Corrective

in substance
"he was running, or rather walking briskly"
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Not just for orators

"that is" · "or rather" · "better yet"

We use it every day, without noticing.

"I'll be there in an hour, or rather, maybe two."

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Classical rhetoric
Quintilian
Institutio Oratoria IX: correctio, emendatio, reprehensio. And paenitentia dicti: feigned regret, to make the speech sound unprepared.
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Cicero · In Catilinam I, 2

Vivit? immo vero
etiam in senatum venit.

"He lives? Nay, he even comes into the Senate." First the statement, then the upward correction: that is epanorthosis.

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Dante · Inferno XXXIII

Poscia, più che ’l dolor,
poté ’l digiuno.

The final correction overturns the scene: it was not grief that killed Ugolino, but starvation.

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Fontanier · 1827

A figure of thought,
not of style.

If it is an operation of thought and not an ornament, you find it wherever there is language, and you can study it without asking whether the speaker has any intention.

↳ this is the bridge from Cicero to the machines

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Autoregressive generation

One word at a time.
Left to right.
No Delete key.

token token token

Every word is final the instant it is written. Correction can only move forwards.

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The paradox
Human

Can revise before publishing. Chooses epanorthosis for rhetorical effect.

LLM

Cannot revise before publishing, so the disposition learned in training stays on the page.

Same shape on the page. The model just cannot edit it out.

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The fingerprint

marketer architect of change

"Not X. Y" · "Not only X, but Y" · "X, or rather Y" · "X. Better still, Y"

Three forces behind the overuse: the autoregressive constraint · the training data (copy, posts, landing pages) · RLHF, which rewards whatever sounds confident.

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Engineered epanorthosis
Chain-of-thought
"wait, let me reconsider" shifts the context, and genuinely improves the answer.
Constitutional AI
The model writes, critiques itself, rewrites itself. All before we see the answer.

Rhetoric taught us to fake self-correction. Engineering teaches us to practise it.

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The underlying question

Rhetorical figure
or statistical artefact?

Intentionalist

Rhetoric requires a mind. A parrot that says "I love you" does not love.

Functionalist

What counts is the effect. Smoke signals fire, whoever lit it.

Perhaps we need a new vocabulary.

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Practical tools
Count the epanorthoses. 3+ "Not X. Y" in a few lines is suspicious.
Look for specifics. Names, numbers, experiences, or only generalities?
Check the citations. It invents them with ease.
Read it aloud. Is the rhythm too even, too "perfect"?
Look for a voice. A point of view, some idiosyncrasies.

No single signal is conclusive on its own. A critical eye remains the most reliable tool.

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Discovered, not invented

Perhaps the orators discovered epanorthosis.

A statistical system, knowing nothing of rhetoric, reproduces the same figures we have used for millennia.

Maybe those figures are emergent structures of language, the way mathematicians discover theorems rather than inventing them.

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In closing

The risk is not that the machines write like us.

The real risk: that we begin to write like them.

Read the full article →Federico Boggia · Binatomy
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